Click here for the bibliography for the first edition.
Introduction
World Health Organization. “Disability.” March 7, 2023. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health
Chapter 1
ADA National Network. “Guidelines for Writing About People with Disabilities.” Fact sheet, 2018. https://adata.org/factsheet/ADANN-writing.
Barbarin, Imani. Interview with author via email, December 2019.
Boren, Cindy. “A High School in North Dakota Calls Its Teams the ‘Midgets.’ Activists Want That Changed.” Washington Post, December 12, 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/12/12/high-school-north-dakota-calls-its-teams-midgets-activists-want-that-changed/.
Brown, Ly Xīnzhèn M. Zhǎngsūn. “Ableism/Language.” Autistic Hoya (blog), accessed April 2, 2026. https://www.autistichoya.com/p/ableist-words-and-terms-to-avoid.html.
Brown, Ly Xīnzhèn M. Zhǎngsūn. “Identity and Hypocrisy: A Second Argument Against Person-First Language.” Autistic Hoya (blog), November 28, 2011. https://www.autistichoya.com/2011/11/identity-and-hypocrisy-second-argument.html.
Carter-Long, Lawrence. Interview with author via email, May 2020.
Cohen-Rottenberg, Rachel. “Doing Social Justice: Thoughts on Ableist Language and Why It Matters.” Disability and Representation (blog), September 14, 2013. http://www.disabilityandrepresentation.com/2013/09/14/ableist-language/.
Cokley, Rebecca. Interview with author via email, January 2020.
Gardiner, Finn. “The Problems with Functioning Labels.” Thinking Person’s Guide to Autism (blog), March 23, 2018. http://www.thinkingautismguide.com/2018/03/the-problems-with-functioning-labels.html.
Ladau, Ellen. Interview with author, August 2019, West Babylon, NY.
Lay-Flurrie, Jenny. Interview with author via email, May 2020.
Liebowitz, Cara. Interview with author via Facebook Messenger, August 2019.
McKeon, Kayla. Interview with author via email, December 2019.
Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, s.v. “disability.” Accessed August 9, 2020. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disability.
National Center on Disability and Journalism. “Disability Language Style Guide.” Accessed April 2, 2026. https://ncdj.org/style-guide/.
Pervez, Noor. Interview with author via email, December 2019.
Taylor, Jordyn. “If You Care About Mental Illness, It’s Time to Stop Saying ‘Crazy’ and ‘Insane.’” Mic, June 24, 2016. https://www.mic.com/articles/146806/stop-saying-crazy-and-insane-if-you-care-about-mental-illness.
United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. “Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as Amended.” Last modified June 15, 2009. https://www.ada.gov/pubs/adastatute08.htm.
United States Department of Labor. “Frequently Asked Questions.” Accessed September 7, 2020. https://webapps.dol.gov/dolfaq/go-dol-faq.asp?faqid=67&topicid=11&subtopicid=165.
Walker, Nick. “Neurodiversity: Some Basic Terms and Definitions.” Neuroqueer: The Writings of Dr. Nick Walker website, 2014. https://neuroqueer.com/neurodiversity-terms-and-definitions/. Reprinted with commentary in Neuroqueer Heresies, by Nick Walker. Autonomous Press, 2021.
Weintraub, Liz. Interview with author via email, May 2020.
Chapter 2
Alaska Mental Health Consumer Web. “Models of Disability: Keys to Perspectives.” Accessed August 9, 2020. https://www.theweb.ngo/history/ncarticles/models_of_disability.htm.
Benness, Brianne. “My Disability Is Dynamic.” Age of Awareness, Medium, December 8, 2019. https://medium.com/age-of-awareness/my-disability-is-dynamic-bc2a619fcc1.
Center for Disability Rights. “Did You Know? Invisible Disabilities.” Accessed August 9, 2020. http://cdrnys.org/blog/development/did-you-know-invisible-disabilities/.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Disability and Health Overview.” Last modified April 2, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/disability-and-health/about/.
Crenshaw, Kimberlé. “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics.” University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989, no. 1 (1989): 139–67. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8.
Degener, Theresia. “A Human Rights Model of Disability.” In Routledge Handbook of Disability Law and Human Rights, edited by Peter Blanck and Eilionóir Flynn. Routledge, 2017.
Edison, Laurie Toby, and Debbie Notkin. “Guest Post: Temporarily Able-Bodied: Useful, but Not Always True.” FWD/Forward (blog), February 3, 2010. https://disabledfeminists.com/2010/02/03/guest-post-temporarily-able-bodied-useful-but-not-always-true/.
Emery, Crystal R. “I Am a Black Woman with a Disability. Hear Me Roar.” Time Magazine, July 20, 2016. https://time.com/4401986/black-disabled-woman-power/.
Ho, Sandy. Interview with author via email, September 2019.
Invisible Disability Project. “Invisible Disabilities Defined.” Accessed August 9, 2020. https://www.invisibledisabilityproject.org/.
Mobility International USA. “Models of Disability: An Overview.” Accessed April 2, 2026. https://www.miusa.org/resource/tipsheet/disabilitymodels.
National Educational Association of Disabled Students. “Making Extra-curricular Activities Inclusive.” Accessed August 9, 2020. https://www.neads.ca/en/about/projects/inclusion/guide/pwd_01.php.
Neal, D’Arcee. Interview with author via video call, May 2020.
Rawe, Julie. “The 13 Disability Categories Under IDEA.” Understood, accessed April 2, 2026. https://www.understood.org/en/school-learning/special-services/special-education-basics/conditions-covered-under-idea.
Retief, Marno, and Rantoa Letšosa. “Models of Disability: A Brief Overview.” HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 74, no. 1 (March 2018).https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v74i1.4738.
Richards, Penny L. “In Search of. . . . the First TAB.” Disability Studies, Temple U. (blog), May 5, 2007. https://disstud.blogspot.com/2007/05/in-search-ofthe-first-tab.html.
Scope. “Social Model of Disability.” Accessed August 9, 2020. https://www.scope.org.uk/about-us/social-model-of-disability/.
United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Persons with a Disability: Labor Force Characteristics—2025.” March 3, 2026. https://primarynewssource.org/wp-content/uploads/disabl-1-1.pdf.
University of Leicester. “The Social and Medical Model of Disability.” Accessed August 9, 2020. https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/accessability/staff/accessabilitytutors/information-for-accessability-tutors/the-social-and-medical-model-of-disability.
Chapter 3
ABLE National Resource Center. “About ABLE Accounts.” Accessed August 10, 2020. https://www.ablenrc.org/what-is-able/what-are-able-acounts/.
ADA.gov. “Remarks of President George H. W. Bush at the Signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act.” July 26, 1990. https://www.ada.gov/ghw_bush_ada_remarks.html.
ADAPT. “We Will Ride!—The Gang of 19.” Accessed August 10, 2020. https://adapt.org/we-will-ride-the-gang-of-19/.
Aizenman, Nurith. “COVID-19 Deaths Top 1 Million Worldwide. How These 5 Nations Are Driving the Pandemic.” NPR, September 28, 2020. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/09/28/916984072/covid-19-deaths-top-1-million-how-these-5-countries-are-driving-the-pandemic.
Alemdaroğlu, Ayça. “Eugenics, Modernity and Nationalism.” In Social Histories of Disability and Deformity: Bodies, Images and Experiences, edited by David M. Turner and Kevin Stagg. Routledge, 2006.
Al-Mohamed, Day. “Black #Disability History: Major Owens, Unsung Hero of the Americans with Disabilities Act.” Lead On Network. February 1, 2016. https://www.independencefirst.org/IndependenceFirst/News-Updates/Blog/Did-You-Know-Rep-Major-Owens-And-The-ADA.
Al-Mohamed, Day. Interview with author via email, October 2025.
Antonios, Nathalie, and Christina Raup. “Buck v. Bell (1927).” In Embryo Project Encyclopedia, January 1, 2012. http://embryo.asu.edu/handle/10776/2092.
Associated Press in Washington. “US Senate Rejects UN Treaty on Disability Rights amid GOP Opposition.” The Guardian, December 4, 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/04/senate-rejects-un-treaty-disability.
Autistic Self Advocacy Network. “2016 ASAN Gala: Speech by Ari Ne’eman.” December 12, 2016. https://autisticadvocacy.org/2016/12/2016-gala-speech-by-ari-neeman/.
Barrows, Max. Interview with author via video call, May 2020.
Beltis, Aj. “Standards and Requirements for Quality Audio Description.” 3Play Media (blog), March 10, 2025. https://www.3playmedia.com/blog/standards-requirements-quality-audio-description/.
Berne, Patty. “Disability Justice—A Working Draft by Patty Berne.” Sins Invalid (blog), June 9, 2015. https://www.sinsinvalid.org/blog/disability-justice-a-working-draft-by-patty-berne.
Biography.com. “Tammy Duckworth Biography.” Last modified May 7, 2024. https://www.biography.com/political-figure/tammy-duckworth.
Botha, M., R. Chapman, M. Giwa Onaiwu, S. K. Kapp, A. Stannard Ashley, and N. Walker. “The Neurodiversity Concept Was Developed Collectively: An Overdue Correction on the Origins of Neurodiversity Theory.” Autism 28, no. 6 (2024): 1591–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241237871.
Brosnahan, Cori. “Finding Carrie Buck.” PBS, November 2, 2018. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/eugenics-finding-carrie-buck/.
Caldwell, Joe, Katie Keiling Arnold, and Mary Kay Rizzolo. “Envisioning the Future: Allies in Self-Advocacy Final Report.” Association of University Centers on Disabilities, September 2012. https://ccids.umaine.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2012/12/2012allies_report_web.pdf.
Cameron, Anita. “Bio,” accessed July 2, 2026. https://authoranitacameron.com/bio/.
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Chamberlin, Judi. On Our Own: Patient-Controlled Alternatives to the Mental Health System. National Empowerment Center, 2012.
Cheng, Kenny. “Long COVID Keeps People Out of Work and Hurts the Economy.” Yale Medicine Long COVID Blog, December 23, 2024. https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/long-covid-keeps-people-out-of-work-and-hurts-the-economy.
Claiborne, Loretta. Interview with author via email, August 2019.
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Cone, Kitty. “Short History of the 504 Sit In.” Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund, April 4, 2013. https://dredf.org/504-sit-in-20th-anniversary/short-history-of-the-504-sit-in/.
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Connelly, Eileen A. J. “Overlooked No More: Brad Lomax, a Bridge Between Civil Rights Movements.” New York Times, July 8, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/08/obituaries/brad-lomax-overlooked.html.
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Disability Rights Education & Defense Fund. “Overview of Concerns with H.R. 620, the ADA Education and Reform Act of 2017. April 3, 2017. https://dredf.org/overview-of-concerns-with-h-r-620/.
DisabilityRightsFL. “The History of ADAPT, Atlantis Community, and Disability Disobedience—Part 1 with Anita Cameron.” YouTube, July 11, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbBw7jlvZH8.
Disability Social History Project. “The 504 Protests and the Black Panther Party.” December 19, 2021. https://disabilityhistory.org/2021/12/19/the-504-protests-and-the-black-panther-party/.
Edelstein, Wendy. “Ed Roberts, Disability-Rights Leader and Cal Alum, Gets His Own State Day.” Berkeley News, July 27, 2010. https://news.berkeley.edu/2010/07/27/roberts/.
Elliott, Timothy R., and Paul Leung. “Vocational Rehabilitation: History and Practice.” In Handbook of Vocational Psychology, edited by W. Bruce Walsh and Mark L. Savickas. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005.
Employer Assistance and Resource Network on Disability Inclusion. “The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Rehab Act).” Accessed August 10, 2020. https://askearn.org/topics/laws-regulations/rehabilitation-act/.
Ervin, Mike. “An Oral History of the Capitol Crawl.” New Mobility, July 1, 2020. https://www.newmobility.com/2020/07/the-capitol-crawl/.
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Fink, Sheri. “U.S. Civil Rights Office Rejects Rationing Medical Care Based on Disability, Age.” New York Times, March 28, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/us/coronavirus-disabilities-rationing-ventilators-triage.html.
Frida Kahlo Foundation. “Biography of Frida Kahlo.” Accessed August 9, 2020. https://www.frida-kahlo-foundation.org/biography.html.
Gallagher, Hugh Gregory. FDR’s Splendid Deception. Vandamere Press, 1999.
Gallaudet University. “About: Deaf President Now.” Accessed August 10, 2020. https://www.gallaudet.edu/about/history-and-traditions/deaf-president-now.
Gardiner, Finn. “Harriet Tubman: Neurodivergent Black Excellence.” NOS Magazine, February 13, 2018. http://nosmag.org/harriet-tubman-neurodivergent-black-excellence/.
Goldberger, David, and Paul K. Longmore. “Political Movements of People with Disabilities: The League of the Physically Handicapped, 1935–1938.” Disability Studies Quarterly 17, no. 2 (1997): 94–98. https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/86870.
Greiwe, Elizabeth. “How an ‘Ugly Law’ Stayed on Chicago’s Books for 93 Years.” Chicago Tribune, June 23, 2016. https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-ugly-laws-disabilities-chicago-history-flashback-perspec-0626-md-20160622-story.html.
Harris, Leah. Interview with author via video call, June 2020.
Herman, Ellen. The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts. University of California Press, 1995. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft696nb3n8/.
Hershey, Laura A. “Wade Blank Helped Disability Rights Movement Define Its Values and Purpose.” Denver Public Library Special Collections, 1993. https://digital.denverlibrary.org/nodes/view/1015383.
Heumann, Judith, and Kristen Joiner. Being Heumann: An Unrepentant Memoir of a Disability Rights Activist. Beacon Press, 2020.
Hilbok, Greg. Interview with author via email, April 2020.
Hughes, Jessica M. F. “Increasing Neurodiversity in Disability and Social Justice Advocacy Groups.” June 2016. https://autisticadvocacy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/whitepaper-Increasing-Neurodiversity-in-Disability-and-Social-Justice-Advocacy-Groups.pdf.
International Paralympic Committee. “History of the Paralympic Movement.” Accessed August 10, 2020. https://www.paralympic.org/ipc/history.
International Paralympic Committee. “Stoke Mandeville and New York 1984 Paralympic Games.” Accessed August 10, 2020. https://www.paralympic.org/stoke-mandeville-new-york-1984.
Ives-Rublee, Mia, and Casey Doherty. “The Trump Administration’s War on Disability.” Center for American Progress, July 28, 2025. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/the-trump-administrations-war-on-disability/.
Jackson, Kaitlyn, and Ellice Switzer. “Subminimum Wage for People with Disabilities.” ILR Carow, March 1, 2024. https://www.ilr.cornell.edu/carow/carow-policy/subminimum-wage-people-disabilities.
Johnson, Roland. Lost in a Desert World: An Autobiography. Speaking for Ourselves, 1994.
Kearney, John R. “Social Security and the ‘D’ in OASDI: The History of a Federal Program Insuring Earners Against Disability.” Social Security Office of Policy, August 1, 2006. https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n3/v66n3p1.html.
Keelan-Chaffins, Jennifer. Interview with author via phone, July 2020.
Kersten, Luke. “Indiana Passes First Eugenic Sterilization Statute in the United States.” The Eugenics Archives [Canada], March 14, 2014. https://eugenicsarchive.ca/timeline?id=53234888132156674b00024e.
Kwon, S., A. D. Joshi, C. H. Lo, et al. “Association of Social Distancing and Face Mask Use with Risk of COVID-19.” Nature Communications, June 18, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24115-7.
Ladau, Emily. “As a Disabled Person, I’m Afraid I May Not Be Deemed Worth Saving from the Coronavirus.” HuffPost, March 25, 2020. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/coronavirus-healthcare-rationing-medical-ethics-disability_n_5e7a2b0dc5b6f5b7c54bb117.
Library of Congress. “National Disability Employment Awareness Month.” October 1, 2019. https://www.loc.gov/law/help/commemorative-observations/disability-awareness.php.
Liebowitz, Cara. “Here’s What Neurodiversity Is—And What It Means for Feminism.” Everyday Feminism, March 4, 2016. https://everydayfeminism.com/2016/03/neurodiversity-101/.
Luterman, Sara. Interview with author via video call, May 2020.
Magill, Ann (Capricorn-0mnikorn). “The “Disability Pride Flag” by Ann Magill (me) has been redesigned.” Reddit, r/disability, May 3, 2022. https://www.reddit.com/r/disability/comments/uhhdbv/the_disability_pride_flag_by_ann_magill_me_has/.
Mansky, Jackie. “P.T. Barnum Isn’t the Hero the ‘Greatest Showman’ Wants You to Think.” Smithsonian Magazine, December 22, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-story-pt-barnum-greatest-humbug-them-all-180967634/.
Matos-Olivares, Nefertiti. Interview with author via email, October 2025.
Mingus, Mia. “Changing the Framework: Disability Justice.” Leaving Evidence (blog), February 12, 2011. https://leavingevidence.wordpress.com/2011/02/12/changing-the-framework-disability-justice/.
National Archives. “Transcript of Press Release, Proclamation for National Employ the Handicapped Week.” September 22, 1945. https://www.archives.gov/research/americans-with-disabilities/transcriptions/naid-6087935-proclamation-for-national-employ-the-handicapped-week.html.
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National Federation of the Blind. “History and Governance.” Accessed August 9, 2020. https://www.nfb.org/about-us/history-and-governance.
Nichols, John. “Disability-Rights Activists Are the Real Heroes of the Health-Care Fight.” The Nation, July 28, 2017. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/disability-rights-activists-are-the-real-heroes-of-the-health-care-fight/.
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Reimann, Matt. “Willowbrook, the Institution That Shocked a Nation into Changing Its Laws.” Timeline, June 15, 2017. https://timeline.com/willowbrook-the-institution-that-shocked-a-nation-into-changing-its-laws-c847acb44e0d.
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Walker, Nick. “Neurodiversity: Some Basic Terms and Definitions.” Neuroqueer: The Writings of Dr. Nick Walker website, 2014. https://neuroqueer.com/neurodiversity-terms-and-definitions/. Reprinted with commentary in Neuroqueer Heresies, by Nick Walker. Autonomous Press, 2021.
“WCAG 101: Understanding the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines.” October 9, 2024. https://www.wcag.com/resource/what-is-wcag/.
Whitehouse.gov. “Ending Radical and Wasteful Government DEI Programs and Preferencing.” January 20, 2025. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/ending-radical-and-wasteful-government-dei-programs-and-preferencing/.
World Health Organization. “Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic.” Accessed February 22, 2026. https://www.who.int/europe/emergencies/situations/covid-19.
World Health Organization. “WHO Chief Declares End to COVID-19 as a Global Health Emergency.” May 5, 2023. https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/05/1136367.
Chapter 4
ADA National Network. https://adata.org/.
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Chapter 5
Autistic Self Advocacy Network. Welcome to the Autistic Community. Autistic Press, 2020.
Bascom, Julia. Interview with author via email, April 2020.
Caplan, Reid. “What Is Sensory Processing Like for Autistic People?” Thinking Person’s Guide to Autism (blog), October 28, 2019. http://www.thinkingautismguide.com/2019/10/what-is-sensory-processing-like-for.html.
Findlay, Carly. Say Hello. HarperCollins Australia, 2019.
Floyd, Kings. Interview with author via email, April 2020.
Pratt, Anjali Forber. Interview with author via email, April 2020.
Gurza, Andrew. Interview with author via email, March 2020.
Harris, Leah. Interview with author via video call, June 2020.
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Henderson, Lacey. Interview with author via email, April 2020.
Hernández Legoretta, Conchita. Interview with author via email, August 2020.
Ladau, Ellen. Interview with author, August 2020. West Babylon, NY.
Ladau, Marc. Interview with author, August 2020. West Babylon, NY.
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Chapter 6
Blake, Melissa. Interview with author via email, May 2020.
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Giuffria, Angel. Interview with author via Twitter messages, April 2020.
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Lamour, Joseph. “Nyle DiMarco Won ‘America’s Next Top Model,’ and Now He Wants to Change the World.” MTV, December 8, 2015. http://www.mtv.com/news/2683568/nyle-dimarco-antm-winner/.
Lu, Wendy. “Jillian Mercado on Being a Disabled Latina Model: ‘We’re Not Going Anywhere.’” HuffPost, September 16, 2019. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/jillian-mercado-disabled-latina-model_n_5d5aa4b1e4b0eb875f26d49d.
Miller, Anna Medaris. “One of the World’s First Models with Down Syndrome Still Can’t Get Signed by a High-End Agency.” Business Insider, February 7, 2020. https://www.insider.com/professional-model-down-syndrome-cant-be-signed-by-top-agency-2020-2.
Moss, Haley. Interview with author via Twitter messages, August 2020.
Moyes, Jojo. Me Before You. Penguin Books, 2012.
Murphy, Eliza. “Iowa Teen with Cerebral Palsy Crowned Homecoming Queen.” ABC News, September 26, 2013. https://abcnews.com/blogs/headlines/2013/09/iowa-teen-with-cerebral-palsy-crowned-homecoming-queen.
O’Connell, Ryan, creator. Special. Netflix series. Released April 12, 2019—
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Smith, S. E. “Don’t Worry, It’s Fine When It Happens to Crazy People!” Disability in Kidlit (blog), December 20, 2013. http://disabilityinkidlit.com/2013/12/20/s-e-smith-dont-worry-its-fine-when-it-happens-to-crazy-people/.
Stone, Shomari. “Virginia Girl in Wheelchair Meets Ulta Model She Gazed at in Viral Photo.” NBC Washington, September 24, 2019. https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/girl-meets-ulta-model-in-wheelchair-in-viral-post/154841/.
Tuder, Stefanie. “Qdoba Employee Feeds Disabled Customer in Random Act of Kindness.” ABC News, May 14, 2015. https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/qdoba-employee-feeds-disabled-customer-random-act-kindness/story?id=31048720.
Young, Stella. “I’m Not Your Inspiration, Thank You Very Much.” Filmed April 2014 at TEDxSydney, Australia. Video, 9:04. https://www.ted.com/talks/stella_young_i_m_not_your_inspiration_thank_you_very_much.
Conclusion
Charlton, James I. Nothing About Us Without Us: Disability Oppression and Empowerment. University of California Press, 1998.
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